Value (ethics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In ethics, value denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action, with the aim of determining what actions are best to do or what way is best to live (deontology), or to describe the significance of different actions (axiology). It may be described as treating actions themselves as abstract objects, putting value to them. It deals with right conduct and good life, in the sense that a highly, or at least relatively highly, valuable action may be regarded as ethically . As such, values reflect a person's sense of right and wrong or what . Values tend to influence attitudes and behavior. Types of values include ethical/moral values, doctrinal/ideological (religious, political) values, social values, and aesthetic values. It is debated whether some values that are not clearly physiologically determined, such as altruism, are intrinsic, and whether some, such as acquisitiveness, should be classified as vices or virtues. Value-added describes the enhancement a company gives its product or service before offering the product to customers. Value-added applies to instances where a firm takes a product that may be considered a homogeneous product. This sample COBOL program is adapted to run under Fujitsu COBOL It uses the input file SENIOR.DAT. 000261 01 RECORDS-WRITTEN PIC 99. 000270 000280 01 DETAIL-LINE. Something of Value TV Show - Australian TV Guide - The FIX. F; T; I; Latest; Celebrities; Music; Movies; TV. When you view an item that is being offered to you through the Global Shipping Program, you see an estimate of the international shipping charges and any import charges in the item listing. Value definition, relative worth, merit, or importance: the value of a college education; the value of a queen in chess. Build something amazing. Learn more about careers with Boeing. Start Your Boeing Career. Get the Latest from Boeing. Sign up for email updates and the first to know what's new and exciting in the world of. Program music or programme music is a type of art music that attempts to musically render an extra-musical narrative. The narrative itself might be offered to the audience in the form of program notes, inviting imaginative. Make Something; Share Something; Start Something; Take a Stand; Staff Pick. Help your friends register to vote in their first election! Something is rotten in the state of Sochi: analyzing Ladies’ short program. Adelina Sotnikova had a base value of 30.43 for her elements. And if I may add something else, it’s seem that the Judge number 7 really. The limit where a person considers to purchase something may be regarded as the point where the personal philosophic value of possessing something exceeds the personal philosophic value of what is given up in exchange for it. ![]() Ethical value may be regarded as a study under ethics, which, in turn, may be grouped as philosophy. Similar to that ethics may be regarded as a subfield of philosophy, ethical value may be regarded as a subgroup of the more broad (and vague) philosophic value. Ethical value denotes something's degree importance, with the aim of determining what action or life is best to do, or at least attempt to describe the value of different actions. It may be described as treating actions themselves as abstract objects, putting value to them. It deals with right conduct and good life, in the sense that a highly, or at least relatively highly, valuable action or may be regarded as good, and an action of low, or at least relatively low, value may be regarded as bad. The study of ethical value is also included in value theory. In addition, values have been studied in various disciplines: anthropology, behavioral economics, business ethics, corporate governance, moral philosophy, political sciences, social psychology, sociology and theology. Similar concepts. However, goodness has many other meanings as well, and may be regarded as more ambiguous. Personal versus cultural perspectives. A culture is a social system that shares a set of common values, in which such values permit social expectations and collective understandings of the good, beautiful and constructive. Without normative personal values, there would be no cultural reference against which to measure the virtue of individual values and so cultural identity would disintegrate. Personal values. Values generate behaviour. Recent research has thereby stressed the implicit nature of value communication. One can often identify the values of a society by noting which people receive honor or respect. In the United States of America, for example, professional athletes at the top levels in some sports receive more honor (measured in terms of monetary payment) than university professors. Surveys show that voters in the United States would not willingly elect an atheist as president, suggesting belief in a God as a generally shared value. Values clarification differs from cognitive moral education: Value clarification consists of . It encourages students to define their own values and to understand others' values. Norms provide rules for behavior in specific situations, while values identify what should be judged as good or evil. While norms are standards, patterns, rules and guides of expected behavior, values are abstract concepts of what is important and worthwhile. Flying the national flag on a holiday is a norm, but it reflects the value of patriotism. Wearing dark clothing and appearing solemn are normative behaviors to manifest respect at a funeral. Different cultures reflect values differently and to different levels of emphasis. This reflects an individual's ability to synthesize and extract aspects valuable to them from the multiple subcultures they belong to. If a group member expresses a value that seriously conflicts with the group's norms, the group's authority may carry out various ways of encouraging conformity or stigmatizing the non- conforming behavior of that member. For example, imprisonment can result from conflict with social norms that the state has established as law. In the third instance, the expertise of member- driven international organizations and civil society depends on the incorporation of flexibility in the rules, to preserve the expression of identity in a globalized world. Thus audiences in Europe may regard a movie as an artistic creation and grant it benefits from special treatment, while audiences in the United States may see it as mere entertainment, whatever its artistic merits. EU policies based on the notion of . Indeed, international law traditionally treats films as property and the content of television programs as a service. Parents in different cultures have different values. Many such cultures begin teaching babies to use sharp tools, including knives, before their first birthdays. Luos of Kenya value education and pride which they call . On the other hand, there are theories of the existence of absolute values. An absolute value can be described as philosophically absolute and independent of individual and cultural views, as well as independent of whether it is known or apprehended or not. Ludwig Wittgenstein was pessimistic towards the idea that an elucidation would ever happen regarding the absolute values of actions or objects; . But these are no more than expressions and can never be facts, resulting from a tendency of the mind and not the heart or the will. An instrumental value is worth having as a means towards getting something else that is good (e. An intrinsically valuable thing is worth for itself, not as a means to something else. It is giving value intrinsic and extrinsic properties. An ethic good with instrumental value may be termed an ethic mean, and an ethic good with intrinsic value may be termed an end- in- itself. An object may be both a mean and end- in- itself. Summation. In these cases, the sum of instrumental (specifically the all instrumental value) and instrinsic value of an object may be used when putting that object in value systems, which is a set of consistent values and measures. Intensity. For example, taking a fictional life- stance of accepting waffle- eating as being the end- in- itself, the intensity may be the speed that waffles are eaten, and is zero when no waffles are eaten, e. Still, each waffle that had been present would still have value, no matter if it was being eaten or not, independent on intensity. Instrumental value conditionality in this case could be exampled by every waffle not present, making them less valued by being far away rather than easily accessible. In many life stances it is the product of value and intensity that is ultimately desirable, i. Maximizing lifestances have the highest possible intensity as an imperative. Homology in physics. In this sense, power in physics may be compared to the amount of value per object, and physical intensity the product of value per object and ethic intensity. If there is no physical area, then no energy is generated, regardless of physical power. In the same way, if there is no ethic intensity, then no total value is generated, regardless of value per object. Positive and negative value. While positive ethic value generally correlates with something that is pursued or maximized, negative ethic value correlates with something that is avoided or minimized. Negative value may be both intrinsic negative value and/or instrumental negative value. Protected value. For example, some people may be unwilling to kill another person, even if it means saving many others individuals. Protected values tend to be . The protectedness implies that people are concerned with their participation in transactions rather than just the consequences of it. Value system. In this case, the two value systems (one personal and one communal) are externally consistent provided they bear no contradictions or situational exceptions between them. A value system in its own right is internally consistent whenits values do not contradict each other andits exceptions are or could be. Conversely, a value system by itself is internally inconsistent if: its values contradict each other andits exceptions are. Value exceptions. Their definitions are generalized enough to be relevant to any and all situations. Situational exceptions, on the other hand, are ad hoc and pertain only to specific situations. The presence of a type of exception determines one of two more kinds of value systems: An idealized value system is a listing of values that lacks exceptions. It is, therefore, absolute and can be codified as a strict set of proscriptions on behavior. Those who hold to their idealized value system and claim no exceptions (other than the default) are called absolutists. A realized value system contains exceptions to resolve contradictions between values in practical circumstances. This type is what people tend to use in daily life. The difference between these two types of systems can be seen when people state that they hold one value system yet in practice deviate from it, thus holding a different value system. For example, a religion lists an absolute set of values while the practice of that religion may include exceptions. Implicit exceptions bring about a third type of value system called a formal value system. Whether idealized or realized, this type contains an implicit exception associated with each value: . For instance, a person might feel that lying is wrong. Since preserving a life is probably more highly valued than adhering to the principle that lying is wrong, lying to save someone. Perhaps too simplistic in practice, such a hierarchical structure may warrant explicit exceptions. Conflict. Also, two parties might disagree as to certain actions are right or wrong, both in theory and in practice, and find themselves in an ideological or physical conflict.
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